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Qualifying Exams

Doctoral students must take quals in three of the six available areas: (1) Analysis, (2) Geometry, (3) Algebraic Topology, (4) Algebra, (5) PDEs, and (6) Numerical Analysis. Please see the PhD Handbook for more details on the exams.

Examination Dates and Registration: Click below to see dates for upcoming exams and to signup.

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Core Examination Topics: These are the specific topics that may be covered on a given exam.

(1) Analysis

In addition to the topics covered below, students are expected to be proficient in the topics covered in a undergraduate sequence in Real and Complex Analysis. These are the topics covered in our Math 133, 135, and 136 courses at Tufts.

Metric Spaces: Stone-Weierstrass theorem, Arzela-Ascoli theorem, Baire category theorem.

Measure and Integration: General measure spaces (including sigma-algebras, measures, completions), Caratheodory Extension theorem, Borel sets, Lebesgue measure. Cantor set and Cantor function. Measurable functions, abstract integration, Lebesgue integral and limit theorems for integrals. Complex measures, total variation measure, absolutely continuous, singular measures, and Radon-Nikodym theorem. Product measures and Fubini-Tonelli theorem.

Functional Analysis: Banach spaces, Lp spaces, the Holder and Minkowski inequalities, the Banach-Steinhaus, Open Mapping, and Hahn-Banach theorems. Hilbert spaces, orthogonal decompositions and projections, orthonormal bases, Fourier series. Dual spaces, operator norms, adjoints, duality of Lp and Lq. Riesz representation theorem.

Complex Analysis: Analyticity, Cauchy-Riemann equations, elementary functions, Cauchy's theorem, Cauchy integral formula, Liouville's theorem, Morera's theorem, Taylor expansions, classification of singularities, Laurent expansions, the residue theorem, linear fractional transformations.

Suggested References:

• Real Analysis by H. L. Royden (Macmillan)
• Real and Complex Analysis by Walter Rudin (McGraw-Hill)
• Real Analysis: Measure Theory, Integration, and Hilbert Spaces by E. M. Stein and R. Shakarchi (Princeton University Press)
• Complex Analysis by E. M. Stein and R. Shakarchi (Princeton University Press)
• Functional Analysis: Introduction to Further Topics in Analysis by E. M. Stein and R. Shakarchi (Princeton University Press)
• Fourier Analysis: An Introduction by E. M. Stein and R. Shakarchi (Princeton University Press)

(2) Geometry

Manifolds:

• Key examples of manifolds such as spheres, tori, projective spaces.
• Quotients, submanifolds, regular level sets, Lie groups.
• Smooth maps between manifolds.

Tangent Spaces:

• Differential and rank of a smooth map.
• Regular level set theorem (Implicit function theorem).
• Vector fields, integral curves.
• Lie algebra of a Lie group.

Differential Forms and Integration:

• Wedge product, pullback of forms, exterior derivative.
• Orientation, integral of an n-form, Stokes' theorem.

References

• An Introduction to Manifolds (Sections 1-23) by Loring W. Tu (Springer Universitext, 2011).
• Foundations of Differentiable Manifolds and Lie Groups (Chapters 1-3) by Frank Warner (Springer GTM)

(3) Algebraic Topology

Homotopy and Fundamental Group:

• Homotopy and homotopy equivalence.
• Fundamental group - including key examples.
• Van Kampen's Theorem - basic calculations using cell complexes.

Covering Spaces:

• Basic lifting properties.
• Universal covering.
• Relation between coverings and subgroups of the fundamental group.
• Group actions.
• Deck transformations.

Homology:

• Simplicial homology definition and computations.
• Singular homology definition and basic properties.
• Exact Sequences
• Degree
• Mayer-Vietoris

References

• Algebraic Topology, by A. Hatcher, Chapters 1 and 2.1, 2.2 (through Mayer-Vietoris)
• Algebraic Topology, by Greenburg, parts I and II through 17

(4) Algebra

Generalities:

• Quotients and Isomorphism Theorems for groups, rings, and modules.

Groups:

• The action of a group on a set; applications to conjugacy classes and the class equation.
• The Sylow theorems; simple groups.
• Simplicity of the Alternating Group for $$n\ge 5$$.

Rings and Modules:

• Polynomial rings, Euclidean domains, principal ideal domains.
• Unique factorization; the Gauss lemma and Eisenstein's criteria for irreducibility.
• Free modules; the tensor product.
• Structure of finitely generated modules over a PID; applications (finitely generated abelian groups, canonical forms of linear transformations).

Fields:

• Algebraic, transcendental, separable, and Galois extensions, splitting fields.
• Finite fields, algebraic closures.
• The fundamental theorem of Galois theory for a finite extension of a field of arbitrary characteristic.

References

• Basic Algebra I by Nathan Jacobson (W. H. Freeman)
• Algebra by Thomas W. Hungerford (Springer)
• Algebra (in part) by Serge Lang (Addison-Wesley)
• Algebra by Michael Artin (Prentice Hall)
• Abstract Algebra by David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote (Prentice Hall)

(5) Partial Differential Equations

Linear Partial Differential Equations

Elliptic PDE:
Laplace, Poisson and Helmholtz equations, boundary-value problems, existence and uniqueness, Fredholm alternative, weak and strong elliptic maximum principles, boundary regularity, Sobolev spaces, weak solutions, Lax-Milgram Theorem, Galerkin method, variational principles, Fréchet derivative.

Parabolic PDE:
Heat equation, Schrödinger equation, existence and uniqueness of solutions, weak and strong parabolic maximum principles, regularity.

Hyperbolic PDE:
Wave equation, method of characteristics.

Spectral Analysis:
Fourier series, Fourier transforms, convergence and approximation properties, generalized functions, distributions. Eigenfunction expansion, Sturm-Liouville Theory, Rayleigh quotient, Rayleigh-Ritz method, Green's functions.

Quasilinear and Nonlinear PDE:
Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem, hyperbolic systems, shallow-water equations, gas-dynamic equations, Fourier methods, energy methods. Method of characteristics, weak solutions, jump conditions, entropy conditions.

References

• Basic Linear Partial Differential Equations by F. Treves (Academic Press, Dover reprint)
• An Introduction to Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations by J. D. Logan (Wiley)
• An Introduction to Partial Differential Equations by Pinchover and Rubenstein
• Applied Function Analysis by Griffel
• Partial Differential Equations by L. C. Evans (AMS, Second Edition)

(6) Numerical Analysis and Numerical Linear Algebra

Systems of Equations

Linear Systems of Equations:
Gaussian elimination, LU- and Cholesky decompositions for full and sparse matrices, operation counts, stability of linear systems (condition number), stability of Gaussian elimination. Basic iterative methods (Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, Successive Overrelexation method), Conjugate Gradient Method

Eigenvalue Problems

Gerschgorin theorem, power method, inverse power method, stability of eigenvalue problems

Nonlinear Systems of Equations, Optimization:
Newton's method, quasi-newton methods, fixed point iteration. Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt methods for unconstrained optimization.

Numerical Approximation

Interpolation:
Lagrange and Hermite interpolating polynomials, Runge phenomena. Splines, least squares approximation of functions and orthogonal polynomials.

Integration: